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LISP Programming Language
Overview: LISP (LISt Processor) is generally regarded as
the language for AI. LISP was formulated by AI pioneer John McCarthy
in the late 50's. Although LISP doesn't have a built-in inference
mechanism, inference processes can be implemented into LISP very
easily. LISP's essential data structure is an ordered sequence of
elements called a "list." The elements may be irreducible entities
called "atoms" (functions, names or numbers) or they can be other
lists. Lists are essential for AI work because of their flexibility:
a programmer need not specify in advance the number or type of elements
in a list. Also, lists can be used to represent an almost limitless
array of things, from expert rules to computer programs to thought
processes to system components. Originally, LISP was built around
a small set of simple list-manipulating functions which were building
blocks for defining other, more complex functions. Today's LISPs
have many functions and features which facilitate development efforts.
Among contemporary implementations and dialects, have gained acceptance
as a standard. A substantial amount of work has also been done in
Scheme, a LISP dialect which has influenced the developers of Common
LISP. (Reference: Languages Of AI by Joseph Schmuller, September/October
1991, page 21)
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LISP Information on the Internet
Association
of LISP Users
US LISP users group with annual conference promoting.
The association also supports a Usenet newsgroup (comp.org.LISP-users)
and formation of inter-vendor standards (comp.std.LISP). Also included
are LISP FAQ, archives, implementations, jobs, and humor.
CMU
FTP Repository (FAQ)
Newsgroups, FAQ, vendors, standards, archives, and more.
Common
LISP ANSI Draft Specification
Complete copy of the dpANS3 proposed standard.
Common
LISP Hypermedia Server
WWW server implemented in Common LISP to explore programming
in interactive hypermedia while providing access to complex research
programs, such as artificial intelligence systems. The server provides
interfaces for document retrieval, email servers, interfaces to systems
for inductive rule learning and natural-language question answering.
Extension
of Common LISP (Screamer)
Support for nondeterministic programming which adds support
for backtracking. On top of this nondeterministic substrate, Screamer
provides a comprehensive constraint programming language in which one
can formulate and solve mixed systems of numeric and symbolic constraints.
Together, these two levels augment Common LISP with practically all
of the functionality of both Prolog and constraint logic programming
languages such as CHiP and CLP(R).
Free
Common LISP implementations
Repositories of LISP source code including: CLiCC (Common
LISP to C Compiler) generating C-executables from Common LISP application
programs; CLISP (Common LISP - CLtL1 + parts of CLtL2) implementation
at Munich University; CMU Common LISP (CMU CL); ECoLISP is a Common
LISP implementation which compiles LISP functions into C functions that
use the C stack and standard procedure call conventions; GNU Common
LISP (GCL) Common LISP (CLtL1) based originally on Austin Kyoto Common
LISP (AKCL); Kyoto Common LISP (KCL)
Korea's LISP site
Site provides information and data regarding LISP from
Korea.
LISP
FAQ
Find answers to frequently asked questions about LISP.
LookSmart
- General Lisp Programming Resources
Lisp resources list.
RUNIX Lisp and Common Lisp
This new project has as its main aim of providing information
about Lisp for Russian programmers. Much of this site is in Russian
XLISP
Several downloadable versions of XLISP for IBM PC (and
other MSDOS machines), Atari ST, and Macintosh. XLISP, developed by
David Betz, are distributed free of charge.
Yahoo
- LISP Programming Language
Emacs LISP, Franz LISP, Macintosh, Association of LISP
Users, Usenet and FAQ.
Sponsors of PC AI - LISP Vendors
Franz Inc: Dynamic OOP
Developer of ANSI-standard CLOS programming tools which
include: Allegro Common LISP, Allegro Common LISP for Windows, CLIM 2.0,
and Lucid to Allegro conversion tools. (info@franz.com)
Other LISP Vendors
Autodesk
Visual LISP(TM), a new programming language from Autodesk
Inc., extends the capabilities of the AutoLISPr programming language by
providing ease-of-use and development, performance, Microsoft(R) Windows
integration and improved software modularity and security features. Visual
LISP is built with Autodesk's ObjectARX(R) object-oriented technology.
Digitool
Macintosh Common LISP, FAQ, press releases, and more
(info-mcl@digitool.com)
Global
Graphics
Experienced in symbolic processing, electronic publishing.
Information includes product and service information, applications, and
more. (resources-us@software.globalgraphics.com)
Gold
Hill
Product information, service and support contracts, and
more
(73312.730@compuserve.com)
Knowledge
Technologies International Inc
Formerly Blackboard Technology Group that specialized in
software development using blackboard technology. Products including Generic
Blackbaord Builder, NetGBB, ChalkBox, GBB Runtime and a GBB demonstraton
application.
(413)256-8990; (800)577-8990.
Texas
Instruments
Find product information on Derive and muLISP90.
Dynamic Search Engine References
Search the web for "lisp language" references using:
Google
Lycos
Yahoo
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Alta
Vista
Article References
An XLISP Tutorial
Betz, D. (1985) Byte, 10(3), 211-236.
muLISP (Review)
Aguiar, S. (1987) PC AI 1(2), 57.
Pattern Matching With Lisp
Brittain, S. (1987) PCAI 1(3), 34.
Pattern Matching With LISP
Brittain, S. (1987) PC AI, 1(4), 34.
Languages of AI - Tools of the Trade
Schmuller, J. (1991) PC AI, 5(5), 8.
Whatever Happened to LISP
Rasmus, D. (1991) PC AI, 5(5), 21.
Overview: Languages
Schmuller, J. (1992) PC AI, 6(5), 7-9.
LISP and Statistics: A New Domain for the Oldest AI Language
Schmuller, J. (1992) PC AI, 6(5), 40-43.
LISP-Based Scheduling:
Ashland's Crude Oil System
Warner, M. (1993) PC AI, 7(5), 25-27.
The Common LISP Interface Manager:
GUIS and Applications
Richardson, C., Meldrum, C., and McKay, S. (1993) PC AI,
7(5), 38-40.
The Common LISP Interface Manager:
Architecture
Richardson, C., Meldrum, C., and McKay, S. (1994) PC
AI, 8(2), 34-35, 40.
LISP in the Process Industries:
PROSPEX
by Lewinson, L (1994) PC
AI, 8(5), 22-25.
Book References
So tightly bound is LISP to AI that several well-known AI
texts (Winston, 1977; Charniak and McDermott, 1986; Charniak, Riesbeck,
and McDermott, 1987) are also textbooks on LISP. The first commercial PC
implementation of LISP, Gold Hill's Golden Common LISP, appeared in 1984.
Introductory books on LISP have been written by Touretzky (1984), Winston
and Horn (1989), Friedman and Felleisen (1988), and Wilensky (1984, 1985).
Three installments of Hofstader's "Metamagical Themas" series in Scientific
American introduced LISP and are reprinted in a collection of these columns
(Hofstader, 1986). Dybvig's (1987) book is a highly readable introduction
to Scheme. For an in-depth look at LISP and computational linguistics, see
Gazdar and Mellish (1989a). (Reference: LANGUAGES OF AI by Joseph Schmuller,
September/October 1991, page 21)
Complete
LISP-Bibliography
Herbert Stoyan University of Erlangen D-852 Erlangen, Germany
-
100's of entries.
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Common
LISP the Language
(2nd Edition)
Contains the abstract by Guy L. Steele, Thinking Machines,
Inc., Digital Press.
Recent
Books on LISP (17)
On-line and published books. Source code printed in the selected
books can also be downloaded.
Handbook Of Artificial Intelligence,
Vol 1, 2, 3
Avron Barr & Edward Feigenbaum, 1981, Willam Kaufmann,
Inc
A Gentle Introduction to Symbolic Computation
Touretzky, D. (1983) New York: Harper and Row, pps 384
LISPCraft
Wilensky, R. (1984) New York: W. W. Norton, pps 385
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Charniak, E. and McDermott, D. (1986) Reading MA: Addison-Wesley
Artificial Intelligence Programming (2nd)
Charniak, E. Riesbeck, C., McDermott, D. (1987) Reading MA:
Addison-Wesley
The Scheme Programming Language
Dybvig, R. (1987) Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall
The Little LISPer
Friedman, D. and Felleisen, M. (1988) Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
Natural Language Processing in LISP
Gazdar, G. and Mellish, C. (1989) Workingham, England: Addison-Wesley
LISP
Winston, P. and Horn, B. (1989) Reading MA: Addison-Wesley,
pps 434
LISP-STAT
Tierney, L. (1990) New York: W. W. Norton, pps 397
LISP and Symbolic Computation
Kessler, R. and Talcott, C. (1992) Vol 5 No 3, Netherlands:
Kluwer Academic Publishers, pps 287
Encyclopedia Of Artificial LISP
Stuart C. Shapiro, 1992, Wiley and Sons, page 819-842.
Encyclopedia Of Artificial Intelligence (Bibliography - 61
Refs)
Stuart C. Shapiro, 1992, Wiley and Sons, page 841-842.
Artificial Intelligence (3rd)
P. Winston, (1992) Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, pps 737
Object-Oriented Common Lisp
Slade, S. (1997) Prentice Hall, pps. 425. ISBN 0136059406
Visual Lisp: A Guide to Artful Programming
Kreiker, P. (2000) Delmar Publishing, pps. 384. ISBN 0766815498
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