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Oz (programming language) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/

Oz (programming language)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Oz programming language) Jump to: navigation, search OzParadigmmulti-paradigm: logic, functional, imperative, object-oriented, constraint, distributed, concurrentAppeared in1991Designed byGert Smolka & his studentsDeveloperMozart ConsortiumLatest release1.4.0/ July 3, 2008Typing disciplinedynamicMajor implementationsMozart Programming SystemInfluenced byPrologInfluencedAliceWebsitewww.mozart-oz.orgOz is a multiparadigm programming language, developed in the Programming Systems Lab at Saarland University.Oz was first designed by Gert Smolka and his students in 1991. In 1996 the development of Oz continued in cooperation with the research group of Seif Haridi at the Swedish Institute of Computer Science. Since 1999, Oz has been continually developed by an international group, the Mozart Consortium, which originally consisted of Saarland University, the Swedish Institute of Computer Science, and the Université catholique de Louvain. In 2005, the responsibility for managing Mozart development was transferred to a core group, the Mozart Board, with the express purpose of opening Mozart development to a larger community.The Mozart Programming System is the primary implementation of Oz. It is released with an open source license by the Mozart Consortium. Mozart has been ported to different flavors of Unix, FreeBSD, Linux, Microsoft Windows, and Mac OS X.

1 Language features2 Language overview2.1 Data structures2.2 Functions2.3 Dataflow variables and declarative concurrency2.4 Example: Sieve of Eratosthenes2.5 Laziness2.6 Message passing concurrency2.7 State and objects3 References4 See also5 External links//

[edit] Language features

Oz contains most of the concepts of the major programming paradigms, including logic, functional (both lazy and eager), imperative, object-oriented, constraint, distributed, and concurrent programming. Oz has both a simple formal semantics (see chapter 13 of the book mentioned below) and an efficient implementation[citation needed]. Oz is a concurrency-oriented language, as the term was introduced by Joe Armstrong, the main designer of the Erlang language. A concurrency-oriented language makes concurrency both easy to use and efficient.In addition to multi-paradigm programming, the major strengths of Oz are in constraint programming and distributed programming. Due to its factored design, Oz is able to successfully implement a network-transparent distributed programming model. This model makes it easy to program open, fault-tolerant applications within the language. For constraint programming, Oz introduces the idea of "computation spaces"; these allow user-defined search and distribution strategies orthogonal to the constraint domain.

[edit] Language overview

[edit] Data structuresOz is based on a core language with very few datatypes that can be extended into more practical ones through syntactic sugar.Basic data structures:Numbers: floating points or integer (real integer).Records: for grouping data : circle(x:0 y:1 radius:3 color:blue style:dots)Lists: a simple linear structure,'|'(2 '|'(4 '|'(6 '|'(8 nil))))2|(4|(6|(8|nil))) % syntactic sugar2|4|6|8|nil % more syntactic sugar[2 4 6 8] % even more syntactic sugarThose data structures are values (constant), first class and dynamically type checked.[edit] FunctionsFunctions are first class values, allowing higher order functional programming:fun {Fact N} if N =< 0 then 1 else N*{Fact N-1} endendfun {Comb N K} {Fact N} div ({Fact K} * {Fact N-K}) % integers can't overflow in Ozendfun {SumList List} case List of nil then 0 [] H|T then H+{SumList T} % pattern matching on lists endend[edit] Dataflow variables and declarative concurrencyWhen the program encounters an unbound variable it waits for a value:thread Z = X+Y % will wait until both X and Y are bound to a value. {Browse Z} % shows the value of Z.endthread X = 40 endthread Y = 2 endIt is not possible to change the value of a dataflow variable once it is bound:X = 1X = 2 % errorDataflow variables makes it easy to create concurrent stream agents:fun {Ints N Max} if N == Max then nil else {Delay 1000} N|{Ints N+1 Max} endendfun {Sum S Stream} case Stream of nil then S [] H|T then S|{Sum H+S T} endendlocal X Y in thread X = {Ints 0 1000} end thread Y = {Sum 0 X} end {Browse Y}endBecause of the way dataflow variables works it is possible to put threads anywhere in the program and it is guaranteed that it will have the same result. This makes concurrent programming very easy. Threads are very cheap, it is possible to have a hundred thousand threads running at once.[citation needed][edit] Example: Sieve of EratosthenesThis example computes a stream of prime numbers using the Sieve of Eratosthenes algorithm by recursively creating concurrent stream agents that filter out non-prime numbers:fun {Sieve Xs} case Xs of nil then nil [] X|Xr then Ys in thread Ys = {Filter Xr fun {$ Y} Y mod X \= 0 end} end X|{Sieve Ys} endend[edit] LazinessOz uses eager evaluation by default, but lazy evaluation is possible:fun lazy {Fact N} if N =< 0 then 1 else N*{Fact N-1} endendlocal X Y in X = {Fact 100} Y = X + 1 % the value of X is needed and fact is computedend[edit] Message passing concurrencyThe declarative concurrent model can be extended with message passing through simple semantics:declarelocal Stream Port in Port = {NewPort Stream} {Send Port 1} % Stream is now 1|_ ('_' indicates an unbound and unamed variable) {Send Port 2} % Stream is now 1|2|_ ... {Send Port n} % Stream is now 1|2| .. |n|_end With a port and a thread the programmer can define asynchronous agents:fun {NewAgent Init Fun} Msg Out in thread {FoldL Msg Fun Init Out} end {NewPort Msg}end[edit] State and objectsIt is again possible to extend the declarative model to support state and object-oriented programming with very simple semantics; we create a new mutable data structure called Cells:local A X in A = {NewCell 0} A := 1 % changes the value of A to 1 X = @A % @ is used to access the value of AendWith these simple semantic changes we can support the whole object-oriented paradigm. With a little syntactic sugar OOP becomes well integrated in Oz.class Counter attr val meth init(Value) val:=Value end meth browse {Browse @val} end meth inc(Value) val :=@val+Value endendlocal C in C = {New Counter init(0)} {C inc(6)} {C browse}end

[edit] References

Peter Van Roy and Seif Haridi (2004). Concepts, Techniques, and Models of Computer Programming. MIT Press. There is online supporting material for this book. The book, an introduction to the principles of programming languages, uses Oz as its preferred idiom for examples.

[edit] See also

Alice, the concurrent functional constraint programming language from Saarland UniversityCurry, a functional logic programming languageMercury, a functional logic programming languageDataflow programming

[edit] External links

The Mozart Programming SystemA quick Oz overviewTutorial of OzOz Mozart Tutorial in a blog formatOpen Directory: OzProgramming Language Research at UCL: One of the core developers of Mozart/Oz, this group does research using Mozart/Oz as the vehicleMultiparadigm Programming in Mozart/Oz: Proceedings of MOZ 2004: Conference which gives a snapshot of the work being done with Mozart/OzRetrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oz_(programming_language)" Categories: Multi-paradigm programming languages | Functional logic programming languages | Logic programming languages | Dynamically-typed programming languages | Prototype-based programming languages | Concurrent programming languagesHidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements since June 2007 | Articles with unsourced statements since May 2008 Views Article Discussion Edit this page History Personal tools Log in / create account if (window.isMSIE55) fixalpha(); Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Interaction About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact Wikipedia Donate to Wikipedia Help Toolbox What links here Related changesUpload fileSpecial pages Printable version Permanent linkCite this page Languages Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Nederlands 日本語 Português Русский Тоҷикӣ 吴语 Powered by MediaWiki

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