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Title: Software/Operating Systems/Linux/Programming - Advanced Bash-Scripting A guide for those wishing to start shell scripting. Assumes no knowledge of shell scripting but advances quickly.

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Advanced Bash-Scripting GuideAdvanced Bash-Scripting GuideAn in-depth exploration of the art of shell scriptingMendel Cooper<thegrendel@theriver.com>5.421 July 2008Revision HistoryRevision 5.216 Mar 2008Revised by: mc'SILVERBERRY' release: Important Update.Revision 5.305 May 2008Revised by: mc'GOLDENBERRY' release: Minor Update.Revision 5.421 July 2008Revised by: mc'ANGLEBERRY' release: Major Update.This tutorial assumes no previous knowledge of scripting or programming, but progresses rapidly toward an intermediate/advanced level of instruction . . . all the while sneaking in little nuggets of UNIX® wisdom and lore. It serves as a textbook, a manual for self-study, and a reference and source of knowledge on shell scripting techniques. The exercises and heavily-commented examples invite active reader participation, under the premise that the only way to really learn scripting is to write scripts.This book is suitable for classroom use as a general introduction to programming concepts. The latest update of this document, as an archived, bzip2-ed "tarball" including both the SGML source and rendered HTML, may be downloaded from the author's home site. A pdf version is also available ( pdf mirror site). See the change log for a revision history.

Dedication

For Anita, the source of all the magicTable of ContentsPart 1. Introduction1. Why Shell Programming?2. Starting Off With a Sha-BangPart 2. Basics3. Special Characters4. Introduction to Variables and Parameters5. Quoting6. Exit and Exit Status7. Tests8. Operations and Related TopicsPart 3. Beyond the Basics9. Variables Revisited10. Loops and Branches11. Command Substitution12. Arithmetic Expansion13. Recess TimePart 4. Commands14. Internal Commands and Builtins15. External Filters, Programs and Commands16. System and Administrative CommandsPart 5. Advanced Topics17. Regular Expressions18. Here Documents19. I/O Redirection20. Subshells21. Restricted Shells22. Process Substitution23. Functions24. Aliases25. List Constructs26. Arrays27. /dev and /proc28. Of Zeros and Nulls29. Debugging30. Options31. Gotchas32. Scripting With Style33. Miscellany34. Bash, versions 2 and 335. Endnotes35.1. Author's Note35.2. About the Author35.3. Where to Go For Help35.4. Tools Used to Produce This Book35.5. Credits35.6. DisclaimerBibliographyA. Contributed ScriptsB. Reference CardsC. A Sed and Awk Micro-PrimerC.1. SedC.2. AwkD. Exit Codes With Special MeaningsE. A Detailed Introduction to I/O and I/O RedirectionF. Command-Line OptionsF.1. Standard Command-Line OptionsF.2. Bash Command-Line OptionsG. Important FilesH. Important System DirectoriesI. LocalizationJ. History CommandsK. A Sample .bashrc FileL. Converting DOS Batch Files to Shell ScriptsM. ExercisesM.1. Analyzing ScriptsM.2. Writing ScriptsN. Revision HistoryO. Mirror SitesP. To Do ListQ. CopyrightR. ASCII TableIndexList of Tables14-1. Job identifiers30-1. Bash options33-1. Operator Precedence33-2. Numbers representing colors in Escape SequencesB-1. Special Shell VariablesB-2. TEST Operators: Binary ComparisonB-3. TEST Operators: FilesB-4. Parameter Substitution and ExpansionB-5. String OperationsB-6. Miscellaneous ConstructsC-1. Basic sed operatorsC-2. Examples of sed operatorsD-1. Reserved Exit CodesL-1. Batch file keywords / variables / operators, and their shell equivalentsL-2. DOS commands and their UNIX equivalentsN-1. Revision HistoryList of Examples2-1. cleanup: A script to clean up the log files in /var/log2-2. cleanup: An improved clean-up script2-3. cleanup: An enhanced and generalized version of above scripts.3-1. Code blocks and I/O redirection3-2. Saving the output of a code block to a file3-3. Running a loop in the background3-4. Backup of all files changed in last day4-1. Variable assignment and substitution4-2. Plain Variable Assignment4-3. Variable Assignment, plain and fancy4-4. Integer or string?4-5. Positional Parameters4-6. wh, whois domain name lookup4-7. Using shift5-1. Echoing Weird Variables5-2. Escaped Characters6-1. exit / exit status6-2. Negating a condition using !7-1. What is truth?7-2. Equivalence of test, /usr/bin/test, [ ], and /usr/bin/[7-3. Arithmetic Tests using (( ))7-4. Testing for broken links7-5. Arithmetic and string comparisons7-6. Testing whether a string is null7-7. zmore8-1. Greatest common divisor8-2. Using Arithmetic Operations8-3. Compound Condition Tests Using && and ||8-4. Representation of numerical constants9-1. $IFS and whitespace9-2. Timed Input9-3. Once more, timed input9-4. Timed read9-5. Am I root?9-6. arglist: Listing arguments with $* and $@9-7. Inconsistent $* and $@ behavior9-8. $* and $@ when $IFS is empty9-9. Underscore variable9-10. Inserting a blank line between paragraphs in a text file9-11. Generating an 8-character "random" string9-12. Converting graphic file formats, with filename change9-13. Converting streaming audio files to ogg9-14. Emulating getopt9-15. Alternate ways of extracting substrings9-16. Using parameter substitution and error messages9-17. Parameter substitution and "usage" messages9-18. Length of a variable9-19. Pattern matching in parameter substitution9-20. Renaming file extensions:9-21. Using pattern matching to parse arbitrary strings9-22. Matching patterns at prefix or suffix of string9-23. Using declare to type variables9-24. Indirect Variable References9-25. Passing an indirect reference to awk9-26. Generating random numbers9-27. Picking a random card from a deck9-28. Brownian Motion Simulation9-29. Random between values9-30. Rolling a single die with RANDOM9-31. Reseeding RANDOM9-32. Pseudorandom numbers, using awk9-33. C-style manipulation of variables10-1. Simple for loops10-2. for loop with two parameters in each [list] element10-3. Fileinfo: operating on a file list contained in a variable10-4. Operating on files with a for loop10-5. Missing in [list] in a for loop10-6. Generating the [list] in a for loop with command substitution10-7. A grep replacement for binary files10-8. Listing all users on the system10-9. Checking all the binaries in a directory for authorship10-10. Listing the symbolic links in a directory10-11. Symbolic links in a directory, saved to a file10-12. A C-style for loop10-13. Using efax in batch mode10-14. Simple while loop10-15. Another while loop10-16. while loop with multiple conditions10-17. C-style syntax in a while loop10-18. until loop10-19. Nested Loop10-20. Effects of break and continue in a loop10-21. Breaking out of multiple loop levels10-22. Continuing at a higher loop level10-23. Using continue N in an actual task10-24. Using case10-25. Creating menus using case10-26. Using command substitution to generate the case variable10-27. Simple string matching10-28. Checking for alphabetic input10-29. Creating menus using select10-30. Creating menus using select in a function11-1. Stupid script tricks11-2. Generating a variable from a loop11-3. Finding anagrams14-1. A script that forks off multiple instances of itself14-2. printf in action14-3. Variable assignment, using read14-4. What happens when read has no variable14-5. Multi-line input to read14-6. Detecting the arrow keys14-7. Using read with file redirection14-8. Problems reading from a pipe14-9. Changing the current working directory14-10. Letting let do arithmetic.14-11. Showing the effect of eval14-12. Echoing the command-line parameters14-13. Forcing a log-off14-14. A version of rot1314-15. Using eval to force variable substitution in a Perl script14-16. Using set with positional parameters14-17. Reversing the positional parameters14-18. Reassigning the positional parameters14-19. "Unsetting" a variable14-20. Using export to pass a variable to an embedded awk script14-21. Using getopts to read the options/arguments passed to a script14-22. "Including" a data file14-23. A (useless) script that sources itself14-24. Effects of exec14-25. A script that exec's itself14-26. Waiting for a process to finish before proceeding14-27. A script that kills itself15-1. Using ls to create a table of contents for burning a CDR disk15-2. Hello or Good-bye15-3. Badname, eliminate file names in current directory containing bad characters and whitespace.15-4. Deleting a file by its inode number15-5. Logfile: Using xargs to monitor system log15-6. Copying files in current directory to another15-7. Killing processes by name15-8. Word frequency analysis using xargs15-9. Using expr15-10. Using date15-11. Date calculations15-12. Word Frequency Analysis15-13. Which files are scripts?15-14. Generating 10-digit random numbers15-15. Using tail to monitor the system log15-16. Printing out the From lines in stored e-mail messages15-17. Emulating grep in a script15-18. Crossword puzzle solver15-19. Looking up definitions in Webster's 1913 Dictionary15-20. Checking words in a list for validity15-21. toupper: Transforms a file to all uppercase.15-22. lowercase: Changes all filenames in working directory to lowercase.15-23. du: DOS to UNIX text file conversion.15-24. rot13: ultra-weak encryption.15-25. Generating "Crypto-Quote" Puzzles15-26. Formatted file listing.15-27. Using column to format a directory listing15-28. nl: A self-numbering script.15-29. manview: Viewing formatted manpages15-30. Using cpio to move a directory tree15-31. Unpacking an rpm archive15-32. Stripping comments from C program files15-33. Exploring /usr/X11R6/bin15-34. An "improved" strings command15-35. Using cmp to compare two files within a script.15-36. basename and dirname15-37. A script that copies itself in sections15-38. Checking file integrity15-39. Uudecoding encoded files15-40. Finding out where to report a spammer15-41. Analyzing a spam domain15-42. Getting a stock quote15-43. Updating FC415-44. Using ssh15-45. A script that mails itself15-46. Generating prime numbers15-47. Monthly Payment on a Mortgage15-48. Base Conversion15-49. Invoking bc using a here document15-50. Calculating PI15-51. Converting a decimal number to hexadecimal15-52. Factoring15-53. Calculating the hypotenuse of a triangle15-54. Using seq to generate loop arguments15-55. Letter Count"15-56. Using getopt to parse command-line options15-57. A script that copies itself15-58. Exercising dd15-59. Capturing Keystrokes15-60. Securely deleting a file15-61. Filename generator15-62. Converting meters to miles15-63. Using m416-1. Setting a new password16-2. Setting an erase character16-3. secret password: Turning off terminal echoing16-4. Keypress detection16-5. Checking a remote server for identd16-6. pidof helps kill a process16-7. Checking a CD image16-8. Creating a filesystem in a file16-9. Adding a new hard drive16-10. Using umask to hide an output file from prying eyes16-11. killall, from /etc/rc.d/init.d18-1. broadcast: Sends message to everyone logged in18-2. dummyfile: Creates a 2-line dummy file18-3. Multi-line message using cat18-4. Multi-line message, with tabs suppressed18-5. Here document with parameter substitution18-6. Upload a file pair to Sunsite incoming directory18-7. Parameter substitution turned off18-8. A script that generates another script18-9. Here documents and functions18-10. "Anonymous" Here Document18-11. Commenting out a block of code18-12. A self-documenting script18-13. Prepending a line to a file18-14. Parsing a mailbox19-1. Redirecting stdin using exec19-2. Redirecting stdout using exec19-3. Redirecting both stdin and stdout in the same script with exec19-4. Avoiding a subshell19-5. Redirected while loop19-6. Alternate form of redirected while loop19-7. Redirected until loop19-8. Redirected for loop19-9. Redirected for loop (both stdin and stdout redirected)19-10. Redirected if/then test19-11. Data file names.data for above examples19-12. Logging events20-1. Variable scope in a subshell20-2. List User Profiles20-3. Running parallel processes in subshells21-1. Running a script in restricted mode23-1. Simple functions23-2. Function Taking Parameters23-3. Functions and command-line args passed to the script23-4. Passing an indirect reference to a function23-5. Dereferencing a parameter passed to a function23-6. Again, dereferencing a parameter passed to a function23-7. Maximum of two numbers23-8. Converting numbers to Roman numerals23-9. Testing large return values in a function23-10. Comparing two large integers23-11. Real name from username23-12. Local variable visibility23-13. Demonstration of a simple recursive function23-14. Recursion, using a local variable23-15. The Fibonacci Sequence23-16. The Towers of Hanoi24-1. Aliases within a script24-2. unalias: Setting and unsetting an alias25-1. Using an and list to test for command-line arguments25-2. Another command-line arg test using an and list25-3. Using or lists in combination with an and list26-1. Simple array usage26-2. Formatting a poem26-3. Various array operations26-4. String operations on arrays26-5. Loading the contents of a script into an array26-6. Some special properties of arrays26-7. Of empty arrays and empty elements26-8. Initializing arrays26-9. Copying and concatenating arrays26-10. More on concatenating arrays26-11. The Bubble Sort26-12. Embedded arrays and indirect references26-13. The Sieve of Eratosthenes26-14. The Sieve of Eratosthenes, Optimized26-15. Emulating a push-down stack26-16. Complex array application: Exploring a weird mathematical series26-17. Simulating a two-dimensional array, then tilting it27-1. Using /dev/tcp for troubleshooting27-2. Playing music27-3. Finding the process associated with a PID27-4. On-line connect status28-1. Hiding the cookie jar28-2. Setting up a swapfile using /dev/zero28-3. Creating a ramdisk29-1. A buggy script29-2. Missing keyword29-3. test24: another buggy script29-4. Testing a condition with an assert29-5. Trapping at exit29-6. Cleaning up after Control-C29-7. Tracing a variable29-8. Running multiple processes (on an SMP box)31-1. Numerical and string comparison are not equivalent31-2. Subshell Pitfalls31-3. Piping the output of echo to a read33-1. shell wrapper33-2. A slightly more complex shell wrapper33-3. A generic shell wrapper that writes to a logfile33-4. A shell wrapper around an awk script33-5. A shell wrapper around another awk script33-6. Perl embedded in a Bash script33-7. Bash and Perl scripts combined33-8. A (useless) script that recursively calls itself33-9. A (useful) script that recursively calls itself33-10. Another (useful) script that recursively calls itself33-11. A "colorized" address database33-12. Drawing a box33-13. Echoing colored text33-14. A "horserace" game33-15. A Progress Bar33-16. Return value trickery33-17. Even more return value trickery33-18. Passing and returning arrays33-19. Fun with anagrams33-20. Widgets invoked from a shell script34-1. String expansion34-2. Indirect variable references - the new way34-3. Simple database application, using indirect variable referencing34-4. Using arrays and other miscellaneous trickery to deal four random hands from a deck of cardsA-1. mailformat: Formatting an e-mail messageA-2. rn: A simple-minded file renaming utilityA-3. blank-rename: Renames filenames containing blanksA-4. encryptedpw: Uploading to an ftp site, using a locally encrypted passwordA-5. copy-cd: Copying a data CDA-6. Collatz seriesA-7. days-between: Days between two datesA-8. Making a dictionaryA-9. Soundex conversionA-10. Game of LifeA-11. Data file for Game of LifeA-12. behead: Removing mail and news message headersA-13. ftpget: Downloading files via ftpA-14. password: Generating random 8-character passwordsA-15. fifo: Making daily backups, using named pipesA-16. Generating prime numbers using the modulo operatorA-17. tree: Displaying a directory treeA-18. tree2: Alternate directory tree scriptA-19. string functions: C-style string functionsA-20. Directory informationA-21. Object-oriented databaseA-22. Library of hash functionsA-23. Colorizing text using hash functionsA-24. More on hash functionsA-25. Mounting USB keychain storage devicesA-26. Converting to HTMLA-27. Preserving weblogsA-28. Protecting literal stringsA-29. Unprotecting literal stringsA-30. Spammer IdentificationA-31. Spammer HuntA-32. Making wget easier to useA-33. A podcasting scriptA-34. Nightly backup to a firewire HDA-35. An expanded cd commandA-36. A soundcard setup scriptA-37. Locating split paragraphs in a text fileA-38. Insertion sortA-39. Standard DeviationA-40. A pad file generator for shareware authorsA-41. A man page editorA-42. Petals Around the RoseA-43. Quacky: a Perquackey-type word gameA-44. NimA-45. An all-purpose shell scripting homework assignment solutionA-46. An alternate version of the getopt-simple.sh scriptA-47. Basics ReviewedC-1. Counting Letter OccurrencesK-1. Sample .bashrc fileL-1. VIEWDATA.BAT: DOS Batch FileL-2. viewdata.sh: Shell Script Conversion of VIEWDATA.BATP-1. Print the server environmentR-1. A script that generates an ASCII table Next Introduction

A	guide	for	those
wishing	to	start	shell	scripting.
Assumes	no	knowledge	of	shell
scripting	but	advances	quickly.

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Advanced Bash-Scripting 2008 October

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A guide for those wishing to start shell scripting. Assumes no knowledge of shell scripting but advances quickly.

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