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Title: Software/Operating Systems/Network/Distributed/Plan 9 - Plan 9: The Way the Future Was Essay compares Plan 9 to Unix, parts of Plan 9 being implemented in Unix. From Eric S. Raymond's book The Art of Unix Programming. (2003)
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Plan 9: The Way the Future WasPlan 9: The Way the Future WasPrev Chapter 20. Futures NextPlan 9: The Way the Future WasWe know what Unix's future used to look like. It was designedby the research group at Bell Labs that built Unix and called‘Plan 9 from Bell Labs’.[154] Plan 9 was an attempt to do Unix overagain, better.The central design challenge the designers attempted to meet inPlan 9 was integrating graphics and ubiquitous networking into acomfortable Unix-like framework. They kept the Unix choice to mediateaccess to as many system services as possible through a single bigfile-hierarchy name space. In fact, they improved on it; manyfacilities that under Unix are accessed through various ad-hocinterfaces like BSD sockets,fcntl(2),andioctl(2)are in Plan 9 accessed through ordinary read and write operations onspecial files analogous to device files. For portability and ease ofaccess, almost all device interfaces are textual rather than binary.Most system services (including, for example, the window system) arefile servers containing special files ordirectory trees representing the served resources. By representingall resources as files, Plan 9 turns the problem of accessingresources on different servers into the problem of accessing files ondifferent servers.Plan 9 combined this more-Unix-than-Unix file model with a newconcept: private name spaces. Every user (in fact, everyprocess) can have its own view of the system's services by creatingits own tree of file-server mounts. Some of the file server mountswill have been manually set up by the user, and others automaticallyset up at login time. So (as the Plan 9 from BellLabs survey paper points out)“/dev/cons always refers to your terminaldevice and /bin/date to the correct version ofthe date command to run, but which files those names represent dependson circumstances such as the architecture of the machine executingdate”.The single most important feature of Plan 9 is that all mountedfile servers export the same file-system-like interface, regardless ofthe implementation behind them. Some might correspond to local filesystems, some to remote file systems accessed over a network, some toinstances of system servers running in user space (like the windowsystem or an alternate network stack), and some to kernel interfaces.To users and client programs, all these cases look alike.One of the examples from the Plan 9 survey paper is the way FTPaccess to remote sites is implemented. There is noftp(1)command under Plan 9. Instead there is anftpfs fileserver, and each FTP connectionlooks like a file system mount. ftpfsautomatically translates open, read, and write commands on files anddirectories under the mount point into FTP protocol transactions.Thus, all ordinary file-handling tools such asls(1),mv(1)andcp(1)simply work, both underneath the FTP mount point and across theboundaries with the rest of the user's view of the namespace. The onlydifference the user (or his scripts and programs) will notice isretrieval speed.Plan 9 has much else to recommend it, including the reinventionof some of the more problematic areas of the Unix system-callinterface, the elimination of superuser, and many other interestingrethinkings. Its pedigree is impeccable, its design elegant, and itexposes some significant errors in the design of Unix. Unlike mostefforts at a second system, it produced an architecture that was inmany ways simpler and more elegant than its predecessor. Why didn't ittake over the world?One could argue for a lot of specific reasons — lack ofany serious effort to market it, scanty documentation, much confusionand stumbling over fees and licensing. For those unfamiliar with Plan9, it seemed to function mainly as a device for generating interestingpapers on operating-systems research. But Unix itself had previouslysurmounted all these sorts of obstacles to attract a dedicatedfollowing that spread it worldwide. Why didn't Plan 9?The long view of history may tell a different story, but in2003 it looks like Plan 9 failed simply because it fell short ofbeing a compelling enough improvement on Unix to displace itsancestor. Compared to Plan 9, Unix creaks and clanks and has obviousrust spots, but it gets the job done well enough to hold its position.There is a lesson here for ambitious system architects: the mostdangerous enemy of a better solution is an existing codebase that isjust good enough.Some Plan 9 ideas have been absorbed into modern Unixes,particularly the more innovative open-source versions. FreeBSD has a/proc file system modeled exactly onthat of Plan 9 that can be used to query or control running processes.FreeBSD'srfork(2)and Linux'sclone(2)system calls are modeled on Plan 9'srfork(2).Linux's /proc file system, in additionto presenting process information, holds a variety of synthesized Plan9-like device files used to query and control kernel internals usingpredominantly textual interfaces. Experimental 2003 versions ofLinux are implementing per-process mount points, a long step towardPlan 9's private namespaces. The various open-source Unixes are allmoving toward systemwide support for UTF-8, an encoding actuallyinvented for Plan 9.[155]It may well be that over time, much more of Plan 9 will work itsway into Unix as various portions of Unix's architecture slide intosenescence. This is one possible line of development for Unix's future.[154] The name is atribute to the 1958 movie that has passed into legend as “theworst ever made”, Plan 9 from OuterSpace. (The legend is, unfortunately, incorrect, as thefew who have seen an even worse stinkeroo from 1966 calledManos: The Hands of Fate canattest.) Documentation, including a survey paperdescribing the architecture, along with complete source code and adistribution that installs on PCs, can be readily found with a Websearch for the phrase ‘Plan 9 from BellLabs’.[155] The tale of how UTF-8 was borninvolves KenThompson, Rob Pike, a new Jersey diner, and a frenzied overnighthack.Prev Up NextEssence and Accident in Unix Tradition Home Problems in the Design of Unix |
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Essay | compares | Plan | 9 | to | Unix, | parts | of | Plan | 9 | being | implemented | in | Unix. | From | Eric | S. | Raymond's | book | The | Art | of | Unix | Programming. | (2003) |
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Essay compares Plan 9 to Unix, parts of Plan 9 being implemented in Unix. From Eric S. Raymond's book The Art of Unix Programming. (2003)
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