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Evolutionary Music Bibliography
 Evolutionary
Music Bibliography
to accompany the Evolutionary Music Tutorial given at GECCO 2005
This no-frills Web page provides links to many of the Web sites I reviewed
for my tutorial on Evolutionary Music, which was last given at GECCO
2005 in Washington, DC. The aim of the tutorial is to provide an overview
of how Evolutionary Computation (EC) has been applied to music, which is getting
to be a big area, as I discovered when I began reviewing what people are doing
(over 130 papers). Consequently, this bibliography is not complete or even very
comprehensive, but it's a better start than what I could find when I began my
review of evolutionary music systems.
I've organized the links to be largely consistent with the organization of
the tutorial (slides available here).
For each section, I've listed links to the research I directly cited first,
followed by links to similar research by others that I didn't directly cite.
Again, this is far from a definitive bibliography of every paper that relates
to EC in music. If you're aware of work in this area that is missing, please
let me know. While I don't intend to actively
maintain this site in perpetuity, I am very interested both in how EC researchers
are making music and in how musicians are using EC, so I'll try to add things
as time allows.
- Al Biles
Greatest Hits
These five references are my picks as the best places to start reading in this
area. Three of them are available in print form only, so the links for those
are to are to publishers. The first reference was published in April, 2007.
Very exciting!
Evolutionary
Computer Music. Eduardo Reck Miranda and Al Biles (editors),
Springer-Verlag, 2007. Eduardo and I edited this book with contributions from
many of the researchers whose work is listed in this bibliography. The tutorial
that spawned this Web page forms the basis for one of my two chapters, and I
contributed an evolutionary improvisation chapter as well. Besides myself and
Eduardo, the contributers include Peter Beyls, Tim Blackwell, Palle Dahlstedt,
Andrew Horner, Phil Husbands, Peter Todd, and Rodney Waschka II, with a foreword
by David Goldberg!
Contemporary
Music Review, 22(3), September, 2003. The whole issue is devoted to evolutionary
music. Excellent collection of recent papers by significant contributors.
Creative
Evolutionary Systems, Peter Bentley and David Corne (editors), Morgan Kaufmann,
2002. A superb, thought-provoking survey of EC-based music, visual arts and
design systems. Even includes an excellent overview of the family of EC variations
(GA, GP, ES, etc.) for those who are new to EC.
Frankensteinean
Methods for Evolutionary Music Composition, Todd and Werner, in Musical
Networks, Griffith and Todd, MIT Press, 1999. Great survey chapter on EC-based
music systems. The rest of the book is a great survey of Parallel Distributed
Processing (Neural Networks) applied to music.
Generation
of Music Sequences with Genetic Techniques, Burton and Vladimirova, Computer
Music Journal, 23(4), Winter, 1999. A good survey of earlier EC-based composition
systems.
Conferences and Workshops
Several conferences, workshops and program tracks devoted to evolutionary music
have sprung up in the last few years. Most have a Web presence and some provide
the papers on-line.
EvoMUSART
2008 - Sixth European Workshop on Evolutionary and Biologically Inspired
Music, Sound, Art and Design, held March 26 - 28, 2008 in Napoli, Italy.
EvoMUSART
2007 - Fifth European Workshop on Evolutionary Music and Art, held April
11 - 13, 2007 in Valencia, Spain.
EvoMUSART 2006
- Fourth European Workshop on Evolutionary Music and Art, held April 10 - 12,
2006 in Budapest, Hungary.
EvoMUSART2005
- Third European Workshop on Evolutionary Music and Art, held March 30 - April
1, 2005 in Lausanne, Switzerland.
EvoMUSART2004
- Second European Workshop on Evolutionary Music and Art. One of eight program
tracks at EuroGP/EuroCOP in April, 2004.
EvoMUSART2003
- First European Workshop on Evolutionary Music and Art. One of six program
tracks at EuroGP in April, 2003.
ALMMA
II - Second Artificial Life Models for Musical Applications. One of three
special Workshops at ALife VIII in 2002. Papers available on-line!
ALMMA
I - First Artificial Life Models for Musical Applications. Workshop at ALife
VI in 2001. Papers available on-line!
SBC2003 - Ninth Brazilian
Symposium on Computer Music, whose theme was Music as Emergent Behavior, and
which featured several papers of EC interest.
GAVAM @ GECCO-2000 - Workshop
on GAs in Visual Art and Music. Papers eventually published in Leonardo 35(2)
and
36(1), April 2002 and February 2003, respectively.
Composition
There are scores of EC-based composition systems out there (pun intended),
most of which are in the "toy system" category. I don't mean this
in a negative way; these things are fun to build, but they all start looking
alike. Many are class projects for EC or computer music courses. The typical
toy system breeds a population of simple melodies for review by a mentor (my
term for the human evaluator in an interactive genetic algorithm (IGA)). Some
attempt an algorithmic fitness function. The musical results of most of these
systems are not usually very compelling, but again, they can be a lot of fun
to build.
The links I'm providing are to a diverse sample of early or otherwise noteworthy
examples of composition systems that go beyond the "toy" category.
Horner and Goldberg (ICMC, 1991)
The first paper to link EC and music, specifically to perform thematic bridging.
Given at the International Computer Music Conference (ICMC). The link is to
Andrew's Web site, which has his extensive publication list.
Yup, David Goldberg got in on the ground floor of this area
too...
NEUROGEN
(Gibson and Byrne, 1991) A remarkably mature early system with multiple levels
and neural net fitness.
variations
(Bruce Jacob, 1995) Interesting architecture, including a GA-based "ear"
component. Sound samples, including a symphony composed by his system.
GP-Music
(Johanson
and Poli, 1997) Representative example of a "toy system," this
one using Genetic Programming. Interesting because of the the emphasis on studiying
the fitness problem. With sound samples.
GenDash
(Rodney Waschka, II) Noteworthy because Prof. Waschka is a serious composer
first and a technologist second, a rare person in this area... This recent paper
gives a good overview of his approach. Link is to the ALMMA I workshop; his
paper is the eighth one down.
Living
Melodies (Palle Dahlstedt and Mats Nordahl) Coevolving agents whose communication
forms the basis for music. Comprehensive update in Sounds
Unheard of, Palle Dahlstedt's 2004 dissertation.
One final historical note on an early system that had widespread Web exposure.
Jeffrey Putnam built a toy system in the mid 90's that lots of people still
link to (www.nmt.edu/~jefu/bin/get-notes), despite the fact that the URL has
been dead for several years. This was the first of the Web-as-a-fitness-function
IGA music systems, and definitely was in the right place at the right time.
In trying to find where this system ended up, I discovered that Dr.
Putnam is currently at Eastern Washington U, and his Grammidity
project has a MIDI manifestation, albeit without a Web interface.
Harmonization
A classic subtask of composition, specifically four-part harmonisation of a
melody. This seems to be one area where EC is less effective than rule-based
or algorithmic techniques.
Horner and Ayres
(ICMC, 1995), the same Andrew Horner as above. This early effort was very successful,
but on a more constrained problem (chords were given).
Phon-Amnuaisuk, et al
(1999) compared a GA to a rule-based system for four-part harmonization, where
only the melody line was given. The GA came out second best.
Rhythm
Another subtask of composition, basically generating drum patterns and rhythm
loops.
Horowitz (ICMC, 1994) Early Interactive Genetic Algorithm (IGA) to breed drum
measure loops.
CONGA
(Tokui and Iba, 2000) Clever multi-level interactive system that combines GA
and GP to generate drum machine parts.
SBEAT (Tatsuo Unemi,
2002). Compelling rhythms, good sound samples and clear papers. You can even
download and run the program if you have a Mac.
Genetic Drummer
(Martin Dostal, 2002-2007) Interactive Genetic Algorithm to evolve rhythm accompaniment,
with some sound samples.
Fitness
Fitness is a recurring theme rather than a separate topic in the tutorial,
but these links focus on what is often the toughest single issue in composition
systems.
Lots of melodic features
(Towsey el al, 2001) Domain is extending student-generated melodic "seeds"
in a computer-assisted composition learning environment. Along the way, they
catalog over 20 melodic features suitable for fitness function fodder.
Automated Fitness
Raters (Brad Johanson, 1997) The extension to his GP-Music system (see above)
by adding user-trained neural network auto-raters. Human ratings were better
than the neural nets that were trained on those ratings. Very thorough thesis.
Zipf-Mandelbrot Law
(Manris et al, 2003) Derived Zipf-based metrics for a neural net fitness function
that learned to recognize different musical styles. Interesting paper on-line
here.
Improvisation
Improvisation is essentially simultaneous listening, composition and performance
in real time.
GenJam (Biles, 1994-)
My system. The site features a dozen or so papers, several recordings, a 15-minute
demo video of GenJam and me performing in an art gallery, a list of the 250+
tunes we do, and lots of other stuff.
Spector and Alpern
(1994-5) An early system that traded fours, but not in real time. Includes sound
samples.
Papadopoulos
and Wiggins (1998, see PW99 on linked page) Used weighted sum of melodic
features as a fitness function to eliminate subjectivity. Definitely a "neat,"
(as opposed to "scruffy") philosophy, in contrast to GenJam.
Swarm Music (Blackwell, 2003) Swarm
intelligence applied to improvisation. Sound samples included.
Live Performance
Aspects of live performance of music, including expressivity and real-time
interaction.
Music
Performance Annotation (Grachten et al, 2004) Classic GA-based parameter
optimization for annotating expressivity in jazz performance.
Sound
Gallery (Woolf and Thompson, ALMMA I, 2001) Installation artists that use
EC to evolve their pieces in real time. Seventh paper down.
Enhancing
public speaking voice (Yuji
Sato) Not really music per se, but I couldn't resist this news item. It's
always fun to see what the media does to a technical presentation, this one
from GECCO 2000 (see Yuji Sato's publication list).
HPDJ
(Hewlett Packard Disc Jockey by Dave Cliff) I couldn't resist this this one
either.
Listening
This musical task is often overlooked and is often lumped in with fitness,
but there's more to listening that just deciding what's good or bad.
variations
(Bruce Jacob, 1995) His "ear" component was the first GA-based listener.
Male
Singers, Female Critics (Werner and Todd,
1997) Male singers sing love songs to attract female critics. Mating choices
basd on co-evolved aesthetics.
NEXTNOTE
(Federman, 2000) Tries to predict the next note in a melody using a learning
classifier system.
Accidental
evolution of a radio (Layzell, 2002) Not really human listening, but again,
I couldn't resist this evolvable hardware news item.
Synthesis
Synthesis technologies tend to be parameter rich, which provides lots of opportunities
for classic EC optimization.
CSound Recipes
(Horner and Ayres, 2002) Yup, same Andrew
Horner and Lydia Ayres.
Their book is a collection of CSound instruments that were evolved to match
standard acoustic instruments. Culmination of an extensive series of publications
on EC applied to synthesis as documented on their Web sites. They literally
wrote the book on EC in sound synthesis.
GP
Unit Generator topologies (Garcia 2002) Unit generator programs can be bred.
Optimize reverb parameters to match room transfer functions (Mrozek, ICMC 1996)
Timbre Trees (Takala
et al, 1993) Early GP approach to breeding timbres to accompany animations.
Chaosynth
(Eduardo Reck Miranda,
1995-) Cellular Automata based Granular Synthesis by one of the most prolific
researchers in evolutionary music.
FOF Granular Synthesis
(Johnson, 1999) EC to set parameters to a complex CSound generator.
Swarm Granulator
(Blackwell, 2003) Granular synthesis
version of his Swarm Music System.
Muta-Synth
(Dahlstedt, 2001) EC exploration of the sound space of a commercial synth. Complete
with Sound Samples.
Comprehensive update in Sounds
Unheard of, Palle Dahlstedt's 2004 dissertation.
Genophone
(Mandelis, ALMMA I, 2001) Data-glove enabled hyperinstrument that uses EC to
help users explore synth sound space. Fifth paper down.
Evolving Waveforms
(Magnus, 2003) Interesting recent thesis. Chromosomes are waveforms, and genes
are segments separated by zero crossings.
Generative Systems
I use Celestina Soddu's term "generative
systems" to refer to systems based on cellular automata, fractals, chaos
generators, and sonification of natural sequences like DNA. I largely excluded
these types of systems in my tutorial simply because I didn't have time to cover
them in any depth. Actually, CA and fractal music predate GA music.
Genetic Music - This
term seems to have become a reference to the sonification of DNA strands and
proteins. This site has lots of good links.
Cellular Automata
Music - Using cellular automata to generate music goes back a while. This
site is a nice introduction to the area by its foremost proponent, Eduardo
Reck Miranda.
Swarm systems - I referenced Tim
Blackwell above under Improvisation. Lee
Spector and John Klein have also done work in this area as well.
Fractal Music has
been around since Voss and Clarke (1978) noticed that music had fractal properties
and speculated that a fractal generator might produce good music. Numerous attempts
have been made ever since. This page has links to most of the standard sites.
© Al Biles, 15 April,
2005
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